Why American fast food chains will do anything to win in China
global gateways
KFC
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KFC is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, one of the largest restaurant companies in the world. KFC had sales of $23 billion in 2013.[3]KFC has its headquarters at 1441 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, Kentucky, in a three-story colonial style building known colloquially as the "White House" due to its resemblance to the US president's home.[45][46] The headquarters contain executive offices and the company's research and developmentfacilities.[47] KFC is incorporated at 1209 North Orange St, Wilmington, Delaware.[48]
By December 2013, there were 18,875 KFC outlets in 118 countries and territories around the world.[1] There are 4,563 outlets in China, 4,491 in the United States, and 9,821 across the rest of the world.[1] Outlets are owned by franchisees or directly by the company.[49] Eleven percent of outlets are company owned, with the rest operated by franchise holders.[50] Although capital intensive, company ownership allows for faster expansion of the chain.[51]
Most restaurants are furnished with images of the company founder, Colonel Harland Sanders.[47] As well as dine-in and take-out, many stand-alone KFC outlets offer a drive-through option.[52] KFC offers a limited delivery service in a small number of markets.[52] Units include express concessions and kiosks which feature a limited menu and operated in non-traditional locations such as filling stations, convenience stores, stadia, theme parks and colleges, where a full scale outlet would not be practical.[52] Average annual sales per unit was $1.2 million in 2013.[53] Worldwide, the daily average number of food orders at an outlet is 250, with most occurring within a two-hour peak-period.[54]
As chairman and CEO of Yum!, David C. Novak ultimately has foremost responsibility for KFC operations.[2] Sam Su is chairman and CEO of Yum!'s Chinese operations, and Muktesh Pant is the CEO of KFC.[2] Richard T. Carucci is president of Yum!, and Roger Eaton is the COO of Yum! and the president of KFC.[2] On March 7th 2019 KFC announced a new excutive position "Chief Communications Officer" and Staci Rawls will fill that position[55].
Africa
The company hopes to expand its African operations, where it is already the regional leader among US fast food chains.[56][57] The company is slowly expanding across the African continent, opening 70 outlets, but progress has been hampered by sourcing issues, such as a lack of quality suppliers.[51]
Asia
KFC continues to grow in Asia.
In Sri Lanka, KFC was launched in 1995 at Majestic City. There were 25 KFC restaurants in Sri Lanka as of December 2014.[58]
In Singapore, the first KFC franchise was opened in 1977 along Somerset Road. In 1993, KFC Singapore was the first KFC in Asia to develop and launch the Zinger burger. KFC restaurants in Singapore are currently owned and operated by KFC (Malaysia) Holdings Bhd.[59]
In Bangladesh, the first KFC outlet was opened at Gulshan in 2006. As of June 2016, the country is home to 19 KFC outlets.[60][61]
In Myanmar, the first KFC outlet was officially opened on Bogyoke Aung San Road in Yangon in 2015.[63][64]
In Pakistan, KFC has a presence in eighteen major cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sukkur, Muree etc.) with more than 65 outlets nationwide. Its first outlet was in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi. KFC Pakistan menu consists of burgers, fried chicken, nuggets, fries, rice dishes and drinks.[65]
In Taiwan, KFC entered the market in 1984 and opened its first store in 1985 in Taipei City. The 100th store in Taiwan opened in 1999. It was the second largest fast food chain restaurant in Taiwan until Mos Burger exceeded the number of branches of KFC in 2008. Now KFC is the third largest fast food chain restaurant with 137 stores as of 2017.[66]
China
KFC is the largest restaurant chain in China, with 5,003 outlets as of 2015.[67] They are operated by the Yum! China division. KFC became the first Western fast food company in China after its first outlet opened in Qianmen, Beijing, in November 1987.[68]
Local food items include rice congee and tree fungus salad, with an average of 50 different menu items per store.[68][69]
In December 2012, the chain faced allegations that some of its suppliers injected antiviral drugs and growth hormones into poultry in ways that violated food safety regulations.[70] This resulted in the chain severing its relationship with 100 suppliers, and agreeing to "actively co-operate" with a government investigation into its use of antibiotics.[68] KFC China sales in January 2013 were down 41 percent against the previous year.[71] To counter sluggish sales, the menu was revamped in 2014.[72]
In July 2014, Chinese authorities closed down the Shanghai operations of the OSI Group, amidst allegations that it had supplied KFC with expired meat.[73] Yum! immediately terminated its contract with the supplier, and stated that the revelation had led to a "significant [and] negative" decline in sales.[74]
India
There are 350 KFC outlets in India.[67] The company has adapted the standard KFC offerings to Indian tastes[76] and the menu options in India include the Hot & Crispy Chicken and Fiery Grilled bucket options, Chicken Zinger Burger, Krushers, Rice Bowlz and the more recently launched 5-in-1 Meal Box.[77] The business was refranchised in October 2015 after Yum concluded a year-and-a-half-long exercise to reorganize its business under larger, well-capitalized franchisees. In this regard, about a third of its outlets, operated by several of its franchisees, have been sold to a newly formed entity—Sapphire Foods India Pvt. Ltd. The new entity is owned by a consortium of four private equity funds, led by Samara Capital. The other investors are CX Partners, Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a fourth fund, said a top executive at the local arm of the American food company.[78]
The first Indian KFC was a two-storey outlet on the fashionable Brigade Road in Bangalore in June 1995.[79] According to journalist Michael White, the company could not have chosen a "more difficult venue for its maiden entrée into the country".[80]Bangalore housed the headquarters of the Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha, one of the most influential, vocal and anti-foreign investment farmers' associations in the country.[80] The first outlet suffered protests from anti-globalisation and environmentalcampaigners, as well as local farmers, who objected to the chain bypassing local producers.[81] Many[quantify] Indians were concerned about the onslaught of consumerism, the loss of national self-sufficiency, and the disruption of indigenous traditions.[82] The protests came to a head in August 1995, when the Bangalore outlet was repeatedly ransacked.[79] The KFC outlet in Bangalore demanded, and received, a police van permanently parked outside for a year.[81] The outlet was closed on September 13, 1995 by local authorities, who claimed the company used illegally high amounts of monosodium glutamate(MSG) in its food.[83] The outlet re-opened a few hours later as the result of an appeal by KFC to the Karnataka High Court. The company stated the recipe was no different than that used in any other KFC store.[84] Rural activist M. D. Nanjundaswamy claimed KFC would adversely affect the health of the impoverished, by diverting grain from poor people to make the more profitable animal feed.[85] Environmentalist Maneka Gandhi joined the anti-KFC movement.[85] A second outlet opened in Delhi, but was closed by the authorities throughout November, purportedly for health reasons, but more likely to avoid a repetition of the Bangalore incident.[86] The Delhi outlet soon closed permanently.[87]
KFC began to expand outside of Bangalore in 2004,[88] with a localized menu that was the most extensive meat-free menu across the chain's worldwide operations. It introduced a vegetarian menu that included rice meals, wraps and side dishes and, like McDonald's, served eggless mayonnaise and sauces. Unnat Varma, marketing director of KFC India, states "The vegetarian offerings have made the brand more relevant to a larger section of consumers and that is necessary for KFC's growth." KFC also began using Indian spices and cooking techniques to localize its chicken dishes. By 2008–09, KFC operated 34 outlets in India.[89] In 2014, KFC launched the "So Veg, So Good" menu as part of an India-specific promotional strategy focused on enhancing their vegetarian range. The company has been up to a lot of innovation over the past few months with the launch of the first-ever no crust, all chicken KFC Chizza in December 2016.[90] More recently, KFC got Mumbai's dabbawalas to deliver its newly launched 5-in-1 Meal Boxes. The city's dabbawalas, famed for their efficient delivery of office lunches, took on the role of KFC delivery men as part of an innovative marketing campaign. They supplied specially created 5-in-1 meal boxes to some office-goers instead of their regular dabbas.[91] The innovation efforts have continued with the launch of the Watt a Box, a practical new take on the 5-in-1 Meal Box, which can also charge phones.[92]
Indonesia
In Indonesia KFC is the largest Western restaurant chain, with 466 outlets as of December 2013.[1][93] The chain has grown to hold an estimated 32 percent market share, and menu items include spaghetti, wraps and chicken porridge.[94] The master franchisee is PT Fastfood Indonesia.[95]
The first outlet opened in Jakarta in 1979.[95] Salim Group, Indonesia's largest conglomerate, became a major shareholder in 1990, which provided the company with funds for major expansion.[95] Its master franchisee, PT Fastfood Indonesia, was publicly listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 1993.[95]
Japan
KFC Japan was formed in 1970 as a joint venture between the American parent and the Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation.[96]In December 1974, KFC Japan began to promote fried chicken as a Christmas meal.[97] Eating KFC as a Christmas time meal has since become a widely practiced custom in Japan.[98] As of 2013, Japan is the third-largest market for KFC after China and the United States with 1,200 outlets.[99]
In December 2007, Mitsubishi assumed majority control of KFC Japan in a JP¥ 14.83 billion transaction.[100]
Malaysia
Being one of its largest overseas markets, the Malaysian KFC traces its origin from 1st January 1973 from its first outlet in Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur.[101] In 2016, the brand has been crowned as the largest fast-food chain in Malaysia and dominating 45% of the local Fast-Food Market shares with its traditional rival, McDonald's following in second, while its sister restaurant, Pizza Hut spotting at the third place. By 2018, the restaurant has established a strong presence in the country, estimated to serve almost an equal proportion with the total population of Malaysia with 25 million customers every month by its 14,000 employees.[102][103]
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Similar to other international KFC markets, the Malaysian KFC also featuring various localised and seasonal food items in addition to the universal KFC Menu. The Malaysian KFC customarily offers two types of fried chicken: Original and Hot & Spicy, moreover, other types of fried chickens and food products are also being periodically introduced to the local consumers. Among other common year-long regional items unique to the Malaysian market includes chicken rice, rice congee, wrap, cheesy potato wedges, gula melaka vanilla pudding, white coffee and teh tarik. Malaysians mostly prefer dark meat cuts, a divergent from the American KFC that observed white meat in a higher demand. Furthermore, being a predominantly Muslim-country, all meats are slaughtered in accord to the Halal-method under the supervision of Shariah Advisory Council and the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia.
The KFC business design in Malaysian is generally offering a mid-range dining option to cater the predominantly middle-class Malaysian population. The premise is typically large in area and able to accommodate the dining culture commonly practised among the Malaysian society, a contrast to the primarily takeout model seen in the American market. Many of the Malaysian KFC also operate round the clock, offering drive-through and delivery service.
As of 2018, QSR Brands (M) Holdings Bhd, the shareholder of the company in Malaysia is also responsible on managing 810 KFC outlets across Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and Cambodia,[104] with more than 700 of these outlets are being located domestically in Malaysia, hence making the country one of the largest global market for the fast-food chain. The chain has been witnessed rapid expansion since the opening of its 250th Malaysian outlet in 8th May 1998 located in Petronas Twin Towers, the 500th branch in Subanglaunched in 15th January 2011 and the 700th restaurant in Seremban in 18th September 2018.[105][101]
Additionally, the QSR Brands is also in change on handling 380 Pizza Hut outlets in Malaysia and 80 in Singapore, similar to some international developments, many of these restaurants are being traditionally combined together with a KFC premise. The company is estimated earn MYR5 billion in revenue for KFC and Pizza Hut throughout the region in 2018, up from MYR4.56 billion (2017) and MYR4.24 billion (2016), the period recorded the company earned a profit of MYR182.98 million and MYR113.44 million in 2017 and 2016 respectively.[106][101]
In 1995, Projek Penyayang KFC was founded in an effort to provide food to more than 150 orphanages every quarter.[107] The social service by the restaurant was then extended by the introduction of Tabung Penyayang Fund in 1997, Add Hope Malaysia in 2006 and Add Hope Wordwide in 2007 as means to aid the local and international community.[108][109]
The chain is also one of the earliest fast-food eateries in Malaysia to employ people with different abilities from its outlet in Jalan Imbi, Kuala Lumpur in 15th November 1986 (has since relocated to Sentul Raya, Jalan Ipoh in 1992).[110][111] From the first fully operated KFC in the world run by speech-and hearing-impaired staff in Kuala Lumpur, the operation has expanded to its Malaysian operation in Tanjung Aru (Kota Kinabalu) and Saujana (Kuching) outlets in 1996.[112] Similarly, the model has also being adopted by several KFC eateries in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Singapore and Thailand. To date, the establishment has employed more than 350 Malaysian individuals predominantly of speech and hearing impairment.
KFC Malaysia is expected to have a 5% growth on sales in 2019. It has opened 23 outlets in 2018,[113][114] a further 36 outlets in 2019 and 30 eateries later in 2020.[103][114]
Europe
United Kingdom
As of December 2013, there were 784 KFC outlets in the United Kingdom.[1] British turnover was around £684.5 million in 2013, according to Technomic.[115] About 70 percent of outlets are run by franchisees, with the remainder company owned.[116]The company employs 24,000 people.[116] Around 400 sites are drive-through outlets.[116] Average outlet turnover is between £1 and £1.5 million.[116]
Annual sales amount to 60,000 metric tonnes of chicken, 60 percent of which is purchased from the four largest suppliers in the UK, including Faccenda Group[117]and 2 Sisters Food Group,[118][119] and delivered fresh to outlets at least three times a week.[120] The remaining 40 percent is sourced from companies in Europe, Thailand (including Charoen Pokphand Foods) and Brazil.[121] All of the Original Recipe chicken is sourced within the UK.[121]
England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade.[122] Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee.[123] The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968.[124] In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets.[125] In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant in the UK in 1984.[126] By 1987 the company had almost 400 outlets.[127]
In May 1997, the "Tower Burger", a fried chicken fillet burger with the addition of a hash brown, was first launched in the United Kingdom.[128] In 2006, the company stopped pre-salting its fries and removed trans fats from its products.[116] In 2012 palm oil was replaced by rapeseed oil in the fryers.[116] Between 2004 and 2014, KFC UK increased its offering of "portable" foods: burgers, wraps and salads.[116] During that period, sales rose from around £500 million to almost £1 billion.[116] In 2012, KFC UK invested £9 million to install ovens in all of its outlets, so that it could offer griddled chicken.[116] In 2013, KFC rolled out Lavazza coffee across all of its UK outlets.[129] As of 2014, KFC UK is trialling serving only halal meat at 96 of its outlets.[130] In February 2018 KFC had to temporarily close 575 of its 900 UK outlets, and restrict menus and opening hours in other branches, as a result of its newly-contracted distributor, DHL, failing to deliver chicken to the outlets.[131]
Middle East
The first KFC in the Middle East opened in 1973 in Kuwait. Today there are over 700 outlets, certified halal, including the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.[132] KFC Israel existed from 1993 to 2013 and featured kosher restaurants.[133] In 2012 KFC opened in Ramallah in the Palestinian Authority[8] and later expanded to Hebron,[9] Bethlehem,[10] Jenin,[11] and three separate outlets in Ramallah: the Ersal Branch (Bacri), Plaza Mall Branch and Masyoun Branch.[134] In 2013 the New York Times reported that KFC was being smuggled into Gaza through tunnels.[135][136]
North America
United States
KFC sales in the United States in 2013 were estimated at $4.22 billion by Technomic.[137]
The basic model for KFC in the United States, not necessarily duplicated elsewhere, is a focus on low prices, a limited menu (29 items on average) and an emphasis on takeout.[50] A "very strong percentage" of sales come from African American customers.[138] Many KFC locations are co-located with either Taco Bell or Pizza Hut, or other Yum! restaurants.[52] When Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants, these brands were often co-branded with KFC as well.[139] Often these locations behave like a single restaurant, offering one menu with food items from both restaurant brands.[140] In 2003, there were 354 KFC-Taco Bell combines, offering the full KFC menu and Taco Bell items, and 13 units offering the full KFC menu and a limited number of Pizza Hut items.[52] The concept originated in 1991, when a KFC-Taco Bell combination opened in Virginia.[23] Some locations were also opened as combinations of KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, but this failed to catch on, and Yum! CEO David Novak blamed a lack of franchisee commitment for its lack of success.[141]
Initially, Sanders and KFC used hydrogenated vegetable oil for frying, but in the 1980s the company began to switch to cheaper oils such as palm or soybean.[142][143] In the 2000s it became apparent that these oils contain relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. By April 2007, the chain had switched to trans fat-free soybean oil in all of its US outlets.[144]
In 2008, Novak credited low US sales as being the result of a lack of new ideas and menu items.[145] The Spring 2009 launch of Kentucky Grilled Chicken only resulted in a temporary halt to the sales decline.[146] In 2010 KFC announced a turnaround plan that included improving restaurant operations, introducing value items and providing healthier menu options.[146] In the same year, Advertising Age noted that KFC was losing market share to its smaller chicken restaurant rival, Chick-fil-A.[147] In 2011 Bloomberg News referred to KFC US as "an also-ran to McDonald's Corp".[148] In 2012, Forbes magazine described how many of the KFC outlets were "aged and uninviting", and that the chain "hasn't introduced an exciting new food item in ages".[149]
KFC was described in 2012 by Bloomberg Businessweek as a "muscular player" in developing regions, specifically Africa, China and India, while noting its falling market share in the US to rivals such as Chick-fil-A and Popeyes.[150] Some analysts speculated that KFC would begin spinning off its ailing US operations.[150] That year, the company began divesting control of company-owned US restaurants to franchised operations, with the intention of reducing overall company ownership from 35 percent to 5 percent.[150]
Mexico
KFC was the first fast food restaurant opened in Mexico, in 1963 in Monterrey.[151] By 2017, there were 341 outlets in the country.[152]
Oceania
There are over 600 KFC outlets in Australia, and around 100 in New Zealand.[99] KFC was the first American style fast food chain to open in both countries.[153] In 2013, KFC reported an annual turnover of almost 2 billion AUD for its Australia and New Zealand operations.[154]
Australia
Yum! directly operates 160 KFC outlets in Australia.[154] The largest of the 53 independent franchisees in Australia is Collins Foods, which operates 169 stores.[154][155] KFC's major poultry suppliers in Australia are Inghams, Steggles and Turi Foods.[154]
The first Australian KFC was opened in 1968 in Guildford, a suburb of Sydney.[156]The franchise was owned by a Canadian entrepreneur called Bob Lapointe.[157]Between 1970 and 1971, 75 outlets were opened.[157] This had a major impact on Australian chicken production, which increased by 38 percent during the period.[157]By 1995 there were 452 outlets, and the company employed 12,000 staff.[156] That year, Australia produced 35 percent of KFC's international earnings.[156]
New Zealand
The first KFC opened in New Zealand in 1971 at Royal Oak, a suburb of Auckland.[158] By 1980 there were 37 outlets.[153] In 1989, PepsiCo acquired the 50 percent stake in KFC New Zealand that it did not already own from the local Goodman Fielderconglomerate.[158] In 1991 New Zealand turnover topped 100 million NZD for the first time.[158]
Products
KFC's core product offering is pressure fried, on-the-bone chicken pieces seasoned with Colonel Harland Sanders' "Original Recipe" of 11 herbs and spices.[159] The product is typically available in either two or three piece individual servings, or in a family size cardboard bucket, typically holding between 6 and 16 chicken pieces. In territories that follow the system handed down by Colonel Sanders, such as Canada and the UK, each chicken is divided into nine different cuts (2 drumsticks, 2 thighs, 2 wings, 2 breast pieces and one keel),[160][161] however the United States now uses an eight piece cut.[162] The product is hand-breaded at individual KFC outlets with wheat flour mixed with seasoning in a two- to four-minute process.[54][154] It is then pressure fried for between seven and ten minutes (the timing differs between countries) in oil at 185 degrees Celsius.[54][163][164] Following this, the chicken is left to stand for 5 minutes in order for it to sufficiently cool before it is placed in the warming oven.[54] It is KFC policy to discard chicken if it has not been sold within 90 minutes, in order to ensure freshness.[54] The frying oil varies regionally, and versions used include sunflower, soybean, rapeseed and palm oil.[51] A KFC executive stated that the taste of the chicken will vary between regions depending on the oil variety used, and whether the chicken has been corn-fed or wheat-fed.[51]
As well as its core chicken on the bone offering, KFC's major products include chicken burgers (including the Zinger and the Tower burgers); wraps ("Twisters" and "Boxmasters"); and a variety of finger foods, including crispy chicken strips and hot wings.[165][166] Popcorn Chicken is one of the most widely available KFC products, and consists of small pieces of fried chicken.[167] In some locations, chicken nuggets are also sold.[168]
KFC adapts its menu internationally to suit regional tastes, and there are over three hundred KFC menu items worldwide.[50] Some locations, such as the UK and the US, sell grilled chicken.[169][170] In predominantly Islamic countries, the chicken served is halal.[54] In Asia there is a preference for spicy foods, such as the Zinger chicken burger.[171] Some locations in the US sell fried chicken livers and gizzards.[172] A small number of US outlets offer an all-you-can-eat buffet option with a limited menu.[173]
A number of territories, such as Japan, Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbados, Ecuador and Singapore sell fried seafood products under the "Colonel's Catch" banner.[174] In Jamaica, what was originally a seasonal offering for the Lent period was expanded to a year-round offering from 2010.[175]
Value menu items are sold under the "Streetwise" name in locations such as Canada.[176] Side dishes often include French fries, coleslaw, barbecue baked beans, corn on the cob, mashed potato, bread rolls and American biscuits.[177][178] Salads include the bean salad, the Caesar salad and the garden salad.[179] In a number of territories, KFC sell onion rings.[180] In Asia, rice based side dishes such as congee are often sold.[68] In the US and Greece, potato wedges are sold instead of French fries.[181]
McCormick & Company is KFC's largest supplier of sauces, seasonings and marinades, and is a long-term partner in new product development.[154]
Due to the company's previous relationship with PepsiCo, most territories supply PepsiCo products, but exceptional territories include Barbados, Greece, New Zealand, the Philippines, Romania, South Africa, and Turkey, which stock drinks supplied by The Coca-Cola Company, and Aruba, which stocks RC Cola from the Cott Corporation.[182][183][184][185] In Peru, the locally popular Inca Kola is sold.[186] In a number of Eastern European locations and Portugal, beer is offered, in addition to soft drinks.[187][188][189]
Launched in 2009, the Krusher/Krushem range of frozen beverages containing "real bits" such as Kit Kat, Oreo and strawberry shortcake, is available in over 2,000 outlets.[190] Egg custard tart is a popular dessert worldwide, but other items include ice cream sundaes and tres leches cake in Peru.[191]
In 2012, the "KFC am" breakfast menu began to be rolled out internationally, including such items as pancakes, waffles and porridge, as well as fried chicken.[192][193]
11 herbs and spices
Sanders' Original Recipe of "11 herbs and spices" is one of the most famous trade secrets in the catering industry.[194][195] The recipe is not patented, because patent law requires public disclosure of an invention and provides protection only for a strictly limited term, whereas trade secrets can remain the intellectual property of their holders in perpetuity.[196]
A copy of the recipe, signed by Sanders, is held inside a safe inside a vault in KFC's Louisville headquarters, along with eleven vials containing the herbs and spices.[150][197] To maintain the secrecy of the recipe, half of it is produced by Griffith Laboratories before it is given to McCormick, who add the second half.[198]
In 1999, a couple who bought the house formerly occupied by Colonel Sanders found scribbled notes purported to be the secret recipe. Initially KFC wanted to file a lawsuit against the couple to stop an auction of the notes, but by early 2001, it dropped the lawsuit, claiming the scribbled notes are "nowhere close" to the original recipe.[199]
Joe Ledington of Kentucky, a nephew by marriage of Colonel Sanders, claimed to have found a copy of the original KFC fried chicken recipe on a handwritten piece of paper in an envelope in a scrapbook. In August 2016, Chicago Tribune staffers conducted a cooking test of this recipe and claimed after a few attempts that, with the addition of MSG flavor-enhancer, Ac'cent, they produced fried chicken which tasted "indistinguishable" from the chicken they purchased at KFC.[200]
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